Monday, June 9, 2014

Review of fox headline news::cnn news kiran chetry .where is she now







Review of fox headline news::cnn news kiran chetry .where is she now








Ｉｎ               ｒｅｖｉｅｗｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ               ｏｎ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｆｒａｍｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ,               ｓｏｍｅ               ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ               ｆｏｃｕｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｉｍａｇｅｒｙ               ｉｎ               ｓｈａｐｉｎｇ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ.

Ｏｎｅ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｄｉｘｏｎ               (2008)               ｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｉｍａｇｅｒｙ               ｈａｓ               ｏｎ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｎｅｗｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｍｐａｃｔ               ｉｔ               ｍａｙ               ｈａｖｅ               ｉｎ               ｓｈａｐｉｎｇ               ｖｉｅｗｅｒ'ｓ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｃａｌ               ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ.

Ｄｉｘｏｎ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ               ｒａｎｄｏｍ               ｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎｅ               ｓｕｒｖｅｙｓ               ｏｆ               506               Ｌｏｓ               Ａｎｇｅｌｅｓ               ｃｏｕｎｔｙ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｓ               (2008).

Ｄｉｘｏｎ               (2008)               ｈｙｐｏｔｈｅｓｉｚｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ:               
               Ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｂｌａｃｋ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ.

Ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｃａｌ               ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ.

Ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｒａｃｉｓｍ.

(ｐ.

323)
               Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｌｏｗｅｒｅｄ               ｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ｏｆ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｒｔｒａｙａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ａｓ               ｉｎｔｉｍｉｄａｔｉｎｇ.

Ｉｎ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ,               Ｄｉｘｏｎ'ｓ               (2008)               ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓ               ｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｗａｓ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｈｉｇｈｅｒ               ｍａｒｋｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               Ｒａｃｉｓｍ               Ｓｃａｌｅ               (ＭＲＳ;               ＭｓＣｏｎａｈａｙ,               1986).
               Ｄｉｘｏｎ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅ               ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｍａｙ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｖｉｅｗｓ               ａｎｄ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｐｒｅｊｕｄｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｉｔｓ               ａｕｄｉｅｎｃｅ               (2008).

Ｄｉｘｏｎ               (2008)               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ｆｒａｍｉｎｇ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ,               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｐｒｅｊｕｄｉｃｅ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｂｅ               ｅｘａｃｅｒｂａｔｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｗａｔｃｈ               ｉｔ               ｂｙ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ'ｓ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｃｏｖｅｒａｇｅ.
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ａｌｓｏ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｃｏｖｅｒａｇｅ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙ               ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｐｒｅｊｕｄｉｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｍａｙ               ｈａｖｅ               ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｎｏｒｍａｌｌｙ               ｆｏｃｕｓｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｒａｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｒｉｍｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍａｙ               ｂｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｉｓ               ａｒｅａ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               (Ｄｉｘｏｎ,               2008).
               Ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ               ｈｏｗ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｉｎｇ               ｄｅｐｉｃｔｓ               ｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｉｔｓ               ｃｏｖｅｒａｇｅ.

Ｄｉｘｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｌｉｎｚ               (2000)               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ               ａ               ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ               ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ               ｏｆ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               Ｌｏｓ               Ａｎｇｅｌｅｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｏｒａｎｇｅ               Ｃｏｕｎｔｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｅｖａｌｕａｔｅ               ｈｏｗ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ,               Ｌａｔｉｎｏｓ,               ａｎｄ               Ｗｈｉｔｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ａｓ               "ｌａｗｂｒｅａｋｅｒｓ               ｏｒ               ｌａｗ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄｅｒｓ."               Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ               ａｄｄｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｗａｓ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｗａｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｏｒｔｒａｙｓ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｌａｔｉｎｏｓ               ａｓ               ｐｅｒｐｅｔｕａｌ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ.

Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ａｔｔｅｍｐｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａｓｓｅｓｓ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｍｉｓｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｏｆ               Ｗｈｉｔｅｓ               ａｓ               ｓｙｍｂｏｌｓ               ｏｆ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｌｉｃｅ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ               ｏｒ               ｌａｗ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄｅｒｓ.
               Ｃｒｉｍｅ               ｗａｓ               ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ               ａｓ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｐｅｒｔａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａ               "ｌａｗ               ｂｒｅａｋｉｎｇ"               ａｃｔ               ｏｎｌｙ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｍｕｒｄｅｒ,               ａｒｓｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｒｏｂｂｅｒｙ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｓ               ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ               Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               ｏｆ               Ｃａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉａ               Ｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ               Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ.

Ｃｒｉｍｅ               ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｏｄｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ               ｔｏ               ａｃｔｕａｌ               ｃｒｉｍｅ               ｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ               (Ｄｉｘｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｌｉｎｚ,               2000).
               Ｄｉｘｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｌｉｎｚ               (2000)               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｌａｔｉｎｏｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｈａｎ               Ｗｈｉｔｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｄｅｐｉｃｔｅｄ               ａｓ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｎｅｗｓ.

Ｉｎ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｌａｔｉｎｏｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｈａｎ               Ｗｈｉｔｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｐｅｒｐｅｔｒａｔｏｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｒｉｍｅ               ｔｈａｎ               ａｓ               ｐｏｌｉｃｅ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ.

Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               Ｗｈｉｔｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ               ａｓ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ａｌｓｏ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｖｅｒａｌｌ,               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｏｖｅｒｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ               ａｓ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌｓ,               ｂｕｔ               Ｌａｔｉｎｏｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｗｈｉｔｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ               ａｓ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               ｓｕｓｐｅｃｔｓ.
               Ｄｉｘｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｌｉｎｚ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅａｓｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ａｒｅ               ｏｖｅｒｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ               ａｓ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌｓ               ｉｓ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｋｉｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ,               ｗｈｉｌｅ               Ｌａｔｉｎｏｓ               ｕｎｄｅｒ-ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｍａｙ               ｂｅ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｓ               ｌｉｔｔｌｅ               ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               (2000).

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｌａｔｉｎｏｓ               ｌａｂｅｌｅｄ               ａｓ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｂｒｏａｄｃａｓｔｓ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｃｅｎｔ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｌａｔｉｎｏｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｉｍｍｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｕｎｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｅｄ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ.
               Ａｂｒａｈａｍ               ａｎｄ               Ａｐｐｉａｈ               (2006)               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ               ａ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｏｎ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｆｒａｍｉｎｇ               ａｓ               ｉｔ               ｒｅｌａｔｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｉｍａｇｅｒｙ               ｉｎ               ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｎｇ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ.

Ｎｅａｒｌｙ               200               Ｗｈｉｔｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒｇｒａｄｕａｔｅ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａ               ｌａｒｇｅ,               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               Ｍｉｄｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ               ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ               ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｆｏｕｒ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｆｆｉｌｉａｔｅｄ               ｉｍａｇｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｗｈｉｔｅｓ               ａｎｄ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ,               ａｎｄ               Ｗｈｉｔｅ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔｓ               ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｄｅｐｉｃｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ               (Ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｗｈｉｔｅｓ)               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｂｅ               ｐｅｒｃｅｉｖｅｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｒｅｅ-ｓｔｒｉｋｅｓ               ｌａｗ               ａｎｄ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌ               ｖｏｕｃｈｅｒｓ.
               Ａｂｒａｈａｍ               ａｎｄ               Ａｐｐｉａｈ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｍｐｌｉｅｄ               ｖｉｓｕａｌ               ｉｍａｇｅｓ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｂｌａｃｋ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｎｅｘｔ               ｔｏ               ｒａｃｅ               ｎｅｕｔｒａｌ               ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ               ｃａｎ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｙ               Ｗｈｉｔｅ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔｓ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｈｏｗ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｒｅ               ｉｍｐａｃｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               (2006).
               Ａｂｒａｈａｍ               ａｎｄ               Ａｐｐｉａｈ               (2006)               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ:               
               Ｕｎｌｉｋｅ               ｐａｓｔ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｏｎ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｐｒｉｍｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｎｇ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｏｆ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｆｏｃｕｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｏｎｅ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ｉｓｓｕｅ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍａｋｅ               ｎｏ               ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｒａｃｅ,               ｕｓｅｄ               ｎｏｎ-ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｃａｌ               ｐｉｃｔｏｒｉａｌ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ｆｅａｔｕｒｅｄ               ａｌｏｎｇｓｉｄｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｗｏ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ｄｏｍａｉｎｓ               (ｉ.ｅ.,               ｓｃｈｏｏｌ               ｖｏｕｃｈｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｒｅｅ-ｓｔｒｉｋｅｓ               ｌａｗｓ).

(ｐ.

195)
               Ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｗｈｉｔｅ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔｓ               ｐｅｒｃｅｉｖｅｄ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ,               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               Ｗｈｉｔｅｓ,               ａｓ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｍｏｒｅ               ａｆｆｉｌｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｃａｌ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ,               "ｎｅｗｓ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｃａｎ               ｐｅｒｐｅｔｕａｔｅ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｓｕｂｔｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｇｈｌｙ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｗａｙｓ               ｕｓｉｎｇ               ｉｍｐｌｉｃｉｔ               ｖｉｓｕａｌ               ｉｍａｇｅｒｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｃｔｉｖａｔｅ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ａｔｔｉｔｕｄｅｓ"               (Ａｂｒａｈａｍ               ａｎｄ               Ａｐｐｉａｈ,               2006,               ｐ.

196).

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐａｓｔ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｏｆ               Ｂｌａｃｋ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｄｅｐｉｃｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｎｏｎ-ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｃａｌ               ｍａｎｎｅｒ,               ｍａｙ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｂｒｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｍｉｎｄ,               ｒａｃｅ               ｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｍａｙ               ｎｏｔ               ｅｎｇａｇｅ               ｉｎ               ｓｅｎｓａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｉｍｐｌｉｃｉｔ               ｖｉｓｕａｌ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ,               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ               ｔｒｉｇｇｅｒ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ａ               ｌｏｎｇ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ.

ｍｅｄｉａ               ａｎｄ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ               (Ａｂｒａｈａｍ               ａｎｄ               Ａｐｐｉａｈ,               2006).

Ａｂｒａｈａｍ               ａｎｄ               Ａｐｐｉａｈ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｐｌａｙｓ               ａ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｎｇ               ｒａｃｅ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｏｏ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ａｓ,               "ｉｎｄｉｇｅｎｔ,               ｕｎｅｄｕｃａｔｅｄ,               ｖｉｏｌｅｎｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ"               (2006,               ｐ.

199).
               Ｉｎ               ａｎ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｏｎ               Ｆｏｘ               Ｎｅｗｓ               ａｎｄ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｆｉｌｉｎｇ,               Ｖｕｌｔｅｅ               (2009)               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ               ａ               ｄｉｓｃｏｕｒｓｅ               ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ               ｏｆ               Ｆｏｘ               Ｎｅｗｓ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ               ｈｏｗ               ｉｔ               ｕｓｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ               ｏｆ               Ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓｍ               ａｓ               ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｓａｉｄ               (1979)               ｔｏ               ｆｏｒｍ,               "ａ               ｕｎｉｑｕｅｌｙ               ｍｅｎａｃｉｎｇ               ｉｍａｇｅ               ｏｆ               Ｉｓｌａｍ"               (ｐ.

623).

Ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓｍ               (Ｓａｉｄ,               1979)               ａｓ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｖｕｌｔｅｅ,               ｉｓ               ａ               ｌｏｎｇ,               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ               ｐａｔｔｅｒｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔ               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ               ｌａｂｅｌｓ               ｉｔｓｅｌｆ               ａｓ               ｒａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｎｓｉｂｌｅ,               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｌａｂｅｌｉｎｇ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅａｓｔ               ａｓ               ｓｅｎｓｕａｌ,               ｖｉｏｌｅｎｔ,               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｔｈｒｅａｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ               (2009).

Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｖｕｌｔｅｅ,               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ,               Ｆｏｘ               Ｎｅｗｓ'ｓ               Ｗｅｂｓｉｔｅ               ａｃｔｓ               ａｓ               ａ               ｃｌｅａｒｉｎｇｈｏｕｓｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｔｓ               ａｕｄｉｅｎｃｅ               ｉｔｓ               ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               (2009).
               Ｖｕｌｔｅｅ               (2009)               ｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄ               ｔｅｘｔ               ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ               (39               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ)               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｆｏｘ               Ｎｅｗｓ               ｗｅｂｓｉｔｅ               ｏｖｅｒ               ａ               ｔｗｏ               ｙｅａｒ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ,               2007               ａｎｄ               2008,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｆｉｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌ               ｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｅｍｅｒｇｉｎｇ               Ｉｓｌａｍ               ａｓ               ａ               ｔｈｒｅａｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｗｏ               ｗａｙｓ:               (1)               Ｓａｉｄ'ｓ               (1979)               ｍａｉｎ               ｔｈｅｍｅ               ｏｆ               "Ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓｍ,"               ａｎｄ               (2)               ｖａｎ               Ｄｉｊｋ'ｓ               (1988)               ｉｄｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ               ｓｑｕａｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｆａｖｏｒａｂｌｅ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ               ａｎｄ               ｕｎｆａｖｏｒａｂｌｅ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ               ｃｒｅａｔｅ               ａｎ               "ｕｓ"               ｖｅｒｓｕｓ               "ｔｈｅｍ"               ｓｃｅｎａｒｉｏ.

Ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔ,               ｉｎｔｅｒｍｉｔｔｅｎｔ               ａｃｔｓ               ｂｙ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               Ｍｕｓｌｉｍｓ               ｏｒ               Ｍｕｓｌｉｍ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ａｐｐｅａｒ               ａｓ               ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄ               ｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓ,               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ａｐｐｅａｒ               ａｓ               ｉｓｏｌａｔｅｄ               ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ｈａｖｉｎｇ               ｎｏ               ｔｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ,               ｉｆ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｏｎ               ａｔ               ａｌｌ               ｏｎ               Ｆｏｘ               Ｎｅｗｓ'ｓ               ｗｅｂｓｉｔｅ               (Ｖｕｌｔｅｅ,               2009).
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               "Ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｚｉｎｇ"               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ａｔ               Ｆｏｘ               Ｎｅｗｓ               ｓｅｅｍｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｒｖｅ               ａ               ｌａｒｇｅｒ               ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ.

Ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ,               ｕｐｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｆｔｈ               ａｎｎｉｖｅｒｓａｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ.

ｉｎｖａｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｉｒａｑ,               ａｎ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｄｅｃｌａｒｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ.

ａｒｍｙ               ｒｅｍａｉｎｅｄ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ａｂｌｅ;               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｄａｙｓ               ｈｅａｄｌｉｎｅ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｗｅｂｓｉｔｅ               ｎｏｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｎ               "Ｉｓｌａｍ               ｅｎ-ｆｌａｍｅｄ"               ｗａｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｅｘｐｌｏｄｉｎｇ               ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｏｒｓ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ,               ｗｅｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｓｔｏｒｅ               ｏｒｄｅｒ.

Ｖｕｌｔｅｅ               (2009)               ａｄｄｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍａｎｙ               Ｆｏｘ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｉｔ               "ｕｓ,"               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               "ｔｈｅｍ,"               Ｉｓｌａｍ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｓ               ａｎ               ｉｄｅｏｌｏｇｙ               ｏｆ               "ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓｍ"               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｓ               ｉｔｓ               ａｕｄｉｅｎｃｅ'ｓ               ｒｅａｌｉｔｙ.

Ｖｕｌｔｅｅ               (2009)               ａｌｓｏ               ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｆｏｘ'ｓ               ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｄｅｏｌｏｇｙ               ｏｆ               Ｍｕｓｌｉｍｓ               ａｓ               ｍｅｎａｃｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｔｈｒｅａｔ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｆａｃｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ               ｉｔｓ               ｗａｒ               ｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               "ｕｓｅｆｕｌ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｌｉｍｉｔｌｅｓｓ               ｗａｒ               ｏｎ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒ               (ｐ.

634).
               Ｉｎ               ａｎ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｏｎ               ｆｒａｍｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ               ｂｙ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ,               Ｓｈａｈ               ｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄ               ｈｏｗ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ               ｃｏｍｍｅｎｔａｔｏｒｓ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｆｏｘ               Ｎｅｗｓ'ｓ               Ｂｉｌｌ               Ｏ'               Ｒｅｉｌｌｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ               ｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｌｙ               Ｂｌａｃｋ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｏｒ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｏｒｌｅａｎｓ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｓ               ｌｅｆｔ               ｂｅｈｉｎｄ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               Ｈｕｒｒｉｃａｎｅ               Ｋａｔｒｉｎａ               (2009).

Ｆｏｒ               ｏｎｅ               ｍｏｎｔｈ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ               ｃｏｍｍｅｎｔａｒｙ               ｗａｓ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ａｓ:               ｔｈｅ               ｈｉｇｈｅｓｔ               ｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｄａｉｌｙ               ｎｅｗｓｐａｐｅｒｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｅｎｄｏｒｓｅｄ               Ｂｕｓｈ               ｉｎ               2004,               ａｎｄ               ｌｅａｄｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ               ｃｏｍｍｅｎｔａｔｏｒｓ               (Ｓｈａｈ,               2009).
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｃｏｍｍｅｎｔａｔｏｒｓ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｏ'Ｒｅｉｌｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｌａｂｅｌｅｄ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｓ               ａｓ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｎｇ               ｉｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｌｙ,               "ｆｏｒ               ｉｇｎｏｒｉｎｇ               ｅｖａｃｕａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｏｕｔｒａｇｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ               ｏｆ               ｂｌａｃｋ               ｇａｎｇｓ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｕｐｅｒｄｏｍｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ               Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ               ｍｕｒｄｅｒｉｎｇ               ａｔ               ｗｉｌｌ"               (Ｓｈａｈ,               2009,               ｐ.

2).

Ｓｈａｈ               ａｄｄｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｖｉｃｔｉｍｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｕｎｗｏｒｔｈｙ               ｏｆ               ｓｙｍｐａｔｈｙ               ｏｒ               ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ               (2009).

Ｆｏｘ               Ｎｅｗｓ               ｃｏｍｍｅｎｔａｔｏｒ               Ｂｉｌｌ               Ｏ'Ｒｅｉｌｌｙ               ｓａｉｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｋａｔｒｉｎａ               ｖｉｃｔｉｍｓ               ｉｎ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｏｒｌｅａｎｓ               (Ｓｈａｈ,               2009):               "'ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｏｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｉｓｅ               ｕｐ.

Ｅｄｕｃａｔｅ               ｙｏｕｒｓｅｌｆ,               ｗｏｒｋ               ｈａｒｄ               ａｎｄ               ｂｅ               ｈｏｎｅｓｔ.

Ｉｆ               ｙｏｕ               ｄｏｎ'ｔ,               ｔｈｅ               ｏｄｄｓ               ａｒｅ               ｙｏｕ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｄｅｓｐｅｒａｔｅｌｙ               ｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃ               ｒｏｏｆｔｏｐ               ｓｏｍｅｄａｙ               ｙｏｕｒｓｅｌｆ'"               (ｐ.10).
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ               ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｍａｙ               ｈａｖｅ               ｏｎ               ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｎｇ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ               ｉｍａｇｅｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｓｙｍｂｏｌｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｍａｙ               ｌｅａｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ,               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｈｉｅｒａｒｃｈｉｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ               Ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｔｔｏｍ;               ａｓ               ｖｉｃｔｉｍｓ,               ｕｎｗｏｒｔｈｙ               ｏｆ               ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ               (Ｓｈａｈ,               2009).
               Ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ
               Ａｂｒａｈａｍ,               Ｌ.

&               Ａｐｐｉａｈ,               Ｏ.

(2006).

Ｆｒａｍｉｎｇ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ:               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｖｉｓｕａｌ               ｉｍａｇｅｒｙ               ｉｎ               ｐｒｉｍｉｎｇ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｗａｒｄ               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ,               183               (17),               183-203.

Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               10,               2010               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               &               Ｍａｓｓ               Ｍｅｄｉａ               Ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ               ｄａｔａｂａｓｅ.
               Ｄａｙ,               Ｊ.Ｃ.

(2010).

Ｕ.Ｓ               ｃｅｎｓｕｓ               ｂｕｒｅａｕ:               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｐｒｏｆｉｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ.

Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               18,               2010               ｆｒｏｍ               ｈｔｔｐ://ｗｗｗ.ｃｅｎｓｕｓ.ｇｏｖ/ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ/ｗｗｗ/ｐｏｐ-ｐｒｏｆｉｌｅ/ｎａｔｐｒｏｊ.ｈｔｍｌ
               Ｄｉｘｏｎ,               Ｔ.Ｌ.

(2008).

Ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｎｅｗｓ               ａｎｄ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ:               ｅｘｐｌｏｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｃａｌ               ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ.

Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ,               58,               321-337.

Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               10,               2010               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               &               Ｍａｓｓ               Ｍｅｄｉａ               Ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ               ｄａｔａｂａｓｅ.
               Ｄｉｘｏｎ,               Ｔ.Ｌ.

&               Ｌｉｎｚ,               Ｄ.

(2000).

Ｏｖｅｒｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｌａｔｉｎｏｓ               ａｓ               ｌａｗｂｒｅａｋｅｒｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｎｅｗｓ.

Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ,               131               -               154.

Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               10,               2010               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               &               Ｍａｓｓ               Ｍｅｄｉａ               Ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ               ｄａｔａｂａｓｅ.
               Ｓｈａｈ,               Ｈ.

(2009).

Ｌｅｇｉｔｉｍｉｚｉｎｇ               Ｎｅｇｌｅｃｔ:               ｒａｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｒａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｔｙ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ               ｎｅｗｓ               ｃｏｍｍｅｎｔａｒｙ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｈｕｒｒｉｃａｎｅ               Ｋａｔｒｉｎａ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｗａｒｄ               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ,               20,               1-17.

Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               10,               2010               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               &               Ｍａｓｓ               Ｍｅｄｉａ               Ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ               ｄａｔａｂａｓｅ.
               Ｖｕｌｔｅ,               Ｆ.

(2009).

Ｊｕｍｐ               ｂａｃｋ               ｊａｃｋ,               ｍｏｈａｍｍｅｄ'ｓ               ｈｅｒｅ:               ｆｏｘ               ｎｅｗｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               ｐｅｒｉｌ.

Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌｉｓｍ               Ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ,               10               (5),               623-638.

Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               18,               2010               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               &               Ｍａｓｓ               Ｍｅｄｉａ               Ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ               ｄａｔａｂａｓｅ.






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