Tuesday, June 10, 2014

Review of fox news headlines::CNN Live News







Review of fox news headlines::CNN Live News








               The               year               2012               was               a               memorable               year               in               sports.

The               following               is               a               recap               of               the               biggest               sports               headlines               around               the               world               and               highlights               from               the               events.
               Top               Ten               Sports               Headlines
               1.

Opening               ceremony               kicks               off               Olympics               The               Olympic               Games               kicked               off               July               27,               2012               with               a               spectacular               opening               ceremony               featuring               Queen               Elizabeth               II               with               actor               Daniel               Craig               as               007               in               a               short               movie               filmed               in               Buckingham               Palace.



               2.

Giants               win               Super               Bowl               XLVI               
               The               New               York               Giants               upset               the               New               England               Patriots               in               Super               Bowl               46               in               Indianapolis               on               February               5,               2012.

Eli               Manning               led               the               Giants               in               a               victory               win               over               the               Patriots               scoring               21-17.



               3.

Gabrielle               Douglas               Wins               Gold               In               Women's               Gymnastics               Individual               Around               
               On               August               2,               2012               Gabrielle               Douglas               named               the               "Flying               Squirrel"               won               a               gold               medal               in               London               for               gymnastics               scoring               62.232.



               4.

Lance               Armstrong               Stripped               of               7               Tour               de               France               Titles,               
               October               22,               2012               Lance               Armstrong,               winner               of               seven               Tour               de               France               titles               was               barred               for               life               from               cycling               competitions               as               a               result               of               accusations               of               taking               banned               substances               during               his               career.



               5.

Dodgers,               Red               Sox               complete               blockbuster               deal               
               Dubbed               the               biggest               trade               in               baseball               history               on               August               25,2012,               where               Red               Sox               All               Star               Players               Adrian               Gonzalez,               Carl               Crawford               and               Josh               Beckett               were               traded               in               exchange               for               Major               League               Player               James               Loney.



               6.

Sources:               Dwight               Howard               to               Lakers               
               Los               Angeles               Lakers               land               Dwight               Howard               of               Orlando               Magic               in               a               trade               to               the               Los               Angeles               Lakers               August               10,               2012.

Magic               an               All               Star               Center               averaged               18.4               points               and               12.0               rebounds.



               7.

Usain               Bolt               Wins               Gold               In               200               Meters               Final,               Repeating               As               Olympic               Champ               
               Usain               Bolt               became               the               first               person               in               history               to               win               a               gold               medal               in               the               100m               and               200m               in               back               to               back               Olympic               games               August               9,               2012.



               8.

Phelps               Becomes               Most               Decorated               Olympian               
               Michael               Phelps               makes               history               at               the               London               Games               on               July               31,               2012               setting               a               record               of               winning               a               total               of               19               gold               medals.



               9.

NCAA               hammers               Penn               State               with               crippling               punishment               
               On               July               23,               2012               Penn               State               received               big               penalties               as               an               independent               report               concluded               Joe               Paterno               protected               former               Penn               State               coach               Jerry               Sandusky.

Penalties               include               a               $60               million               fine,               a               four               year               bowl               ban,               annual               scholarship               reduction               and               five               year's               probation.



               10.

Miami               Heat               win               2012               NBA               Championship:               Lebron               James               Leads               Way               Over               Oklahoma               City               Thunder:               Lebron               James,               Dwayne               Wade               and               Chris               Bosh               carried               the               Miami               Heat               to               win               the               NBA               title               in               Game               5               June               21,               2012               in               Miami.
               Sources
               Opening               ceremony               kicks               off               Olympics,               espn.go.com
               Giants               win               Super               Bowl               XLVI               ,               msn.foxsports
               Gabrielle               Douglas               Wins               Gold               In               Women's               Gymnastics               Individual               Around               ,               Huffington               Post
               Lance               Armstrong               Stripped               of               7de               France               Titles,               Fox               News
               Dodgers,               Red               Sox               complete               blockbuster               deal,               mlb.mlb.com
               Sources:               Dwight               Howard               to               Lakers,               espn.go.com
               Usain               Bolt               Wins               Gold               In               200               Meters               Final,               Repeating               As               Olympic               Champ,               Huffington               Post
               Phelps               Becomes               Most               Decorated               Olympian,               Business               Week
               NCAA               hammers               Penn               State               with               crippling               punishment,               articles.nydailynews
               Miami               Heat               win               2012               NBA               Championship:               Lebron               James               Leads               Way               Over               Oklahoma               City               Thunder:,               Huffington               Post






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    Monday, June 9, 2014

    Review of fox headline news::cnn news kiran chetry .where is she now







    Review of fox headline news::cnn news kiran chetry .where is she now








    In               reviewing               the               literature               on               news               framing               of               minorities,               some               studies               focused               on               the               role               of               media               imagery               in               shaping               public               perception.

    One               such               study               conducted               by               Dixon               (2008)               reviewed               the               effects               that               racial               imagery               has               on               network               news,               and               the               impact               it               may               have               in               shaping               viewer's               stereotypical               perceptions               of               minorities.

    Dixon               conducted               random               telephone               surveys               of               506               Los               Angeles               county               residents               (2008).

    Dixon               (2008)               hypothesized               the               following:               
                   Exposure               to               network               news               will               be               negatively               associated               with               estimation               of               Black               income.

    Exposure               to               television               network               news               will               be               positively               associated               with               stereotypical               perceptions               of               Blacks.

    Exposure               to               television               network               news               will               be               positively               associated               with               modern               racism.

    (p.

    323)
                   The               results               from               this               study               indicated               that               exposure               to               network               news               lowered               estimates               of               African-American               income,               and               network               news               exposure               also               increased               the               support               of               African-American               Stereotypes,               such               as               the               portrayal               of               Blacks               as               intimidating.

    In               addition,               Dixon's               (2008)               findings               concluded               that               more               exposure               to               network               news               was               positively               associated               with               higher               marks               on               the               Modern               Racism               Scale               (MRS;               MsConahay,               1986).
                   Dixon               explained               that               evidence               suggests               that               network               news               may               form               both               racial               views               and               racial               prejudice               of               its               audience               (2008).

    Dixon               (2008)               explained               that               because               of               network               news               continued               framing               practices,               negative               perceptions               of               African-Americans               and               racial               prejudice               might               be               exacerbated               for               those               who               watch               it               by               network's               news               constant               negative               coverage.
                   This               study               also               found               that               local               news               coverage               was               not               directly               related               to               racial               prejudice               and               stereotypes               of               African-American               income.

    This               may               have               occurred               because               local               news               normally               focuses               on               race               and               crime               that               may               be               more               stereotypically               associated               with               African-Americans               and               this               area               was               not               assessed               in               this               study               (Dixon,               2008).
                   Other               research               analyzed               how               local               television               news               programming               depicts               minorities               in               its               coverage.

    Dixon               and               Linz               (2000)               conducted               a               content               analysis               of               local               television               news               programming               in               Los               Angeles               and               Orange               Counties               to               evaluate               how               Blacks,               Latinos,               and               Whites               are               represented               either               as               "lawbreakers               or               law               defenders."               These               researchers               added               that               the               study               was               designed               to               establish               whether               television               news               programs               present               news               stories               in               a               way               that               portrays               African-Americans               and               Latinos               as               perpetual               criminal               elements               of               society.

    Furthermore,               this               study               attempted               to               assess               whether               television               news               misrepresents               the               role               of               Whites               as               symbols               of               order               in               the               form               of               police               officers               or               law               defenders.
                   Crime               was               defined               as               information               pertaining               to               the               commission               of               a               "law               breaking"               act               only,               such               as               murder,               arson               and               robbery,               which               is               monitored               by               the               U.S               Department               of               Justice               and               the               State               of               California               Justice               Department.

    Crime               stories               were               coded               for               comparison               to               actual               crime               statistics               from               these               agencies               (Dixon               and               Linz,               2000).
                   Dixon               and               Linz               (2000)               found               that               Blacks               and               Latinos               were               more               likely               than               Whites               to               be               depicted               as               criminals               on               television               news.

    In               addition,               this               study               found               that               Blacks               and               Latinos               were               more               likely               than               Whites               to               be               perpetrators               of               crime               than               as               police               officers.

    However,               Whites               were               less               likely               to               be               included               in               news               stories               as               criminals.

    The               study               also               found               that               overall,               Blacks               were               more               likely               to               be               overrepresented               in               these               news               television               news               stories               as               criminals,               but               Latinos               and               Whites               were               more               likely               to               be               underrepresented               as               criminal               suspects.
                   Dixon               and               Linz               explained               that               the               reason               that               Blacks               are               overrepresented               as               criminals               is               because               this               group               generally               receives               this               kind               of               negative               media               attention,               while               Latinos               under-representation               may               be               because               this               group               receives               little               attention               (2000).

    This               under               representation               of               Latinos               labeled               as               criminals               on               television               news               broadcasts               might               have               increased               due               to               the               recent               negative               attention               that               Latinos               have               received               in               relation               to               immigration               and               undocumented               workers               in               the               U.S.
                   Abraham               and               Appiah               (2006)               conducted               a               study               on               news               story               framing               as               it               relates               to               imagery               in               promoting               racial               stereotypes.

    Nearly               200               White               undergraduate               students               from               a               large,               public               Midwestern               university               participated               in               this               study.

    The               research               experiment               studied               the               effects               of               four               different               news               story               situations               and               affiliated               images               of               Whites               and               African-Americans,               and               White               participants               perceptions               of               how               those               depicted               in               these               public               policy               news               stories               (Blacks               and               Whites)               might               be               perceived.

    The               news               policy               stories               included               in               this               study               were               about               the               three-strikes               law               and               school               vouchers.
                   Abraham               and               Appiah               found               that               implied               visual               images               of               a               Black               person               next               to               race               neutral               stories               can               influence               the               way               White               participants               view               how               certain               populations               are               impacted               by               specific               issues               (2006).
                   Abraham               and               Appiah               (2006)               explained               the               following:               
                   Unlike               past               research               on               racial               priming               that               has               used               stereotyping               media               of               Blacks,               and               only               focused               on               one               public               policy               issue,               this               study               used               story               narratives               that               make               no               mention               of               race,               used               non-stereotypical               pictorial               representations               of               Blacks               featured               alongside               the               news               stories,               and               used               stories               from               two               public               policy               domains               (i.e.,               school               vouchers               and               three-strikes               laws).

    (p.

    195)
                   The               study               found               that               White               participants               perceived               Blacks,               more               than               Whites,               as               being               more               affiliated               with               the               social               issues               presented.

    The               authors               in               this               study               explained               that               even               without               stereotypical               characterizations               of               Blacks,               "news               media               can               perpetuate               stereotypes               in               subtle               and               highly               effective               ways               using               implicit               visual               imagery               that               activate               racial               attitudes"               (Abraham               and               Appiah,               2006,               p.

    196).

    These               authors               explained               that               past               research               of               Black               characters               in               media               depicted               in               a               non-stereotypical               manner,               may               still               bring               to               mind,               race               oriented               stereotypes.
                   The               media               may               not               engage               in               sensational               negative               stereotyping               of               Blacks,               but               through               implicit               visual               associations               of               Blacks               in               a               negative               context,               media               stories               trigger               stereotypes               that               have               a               long               history               in               the               U.S.

    media               and               culture               (Abraham               and               Appiah,               2006).

    Abraham               and               Appiah               further               explained               that               the               media               plays               a               significant               role               in               promoting               race               based               stereotypes               that               too               often               associate               Blacks               as,               "indigent,               uneducated,               violent,               and               criminal"               (2006,               p.

    199).
                   In               an               additional               research               study               on               Fox               News               and               racial               stereotyping               and               profiling,               Vultee               (2009)               conducted               a               discourse               analysis               of               Fox               News               to               determine               how               it               uses               the               concept               of               Orientalism               as               constructed               by               Said               (1979)               to               form,               "a               uniquely               menacing               image               of               Islam"               (p.

    623).

    Orientalism               (Said,               1979)               as               described               by               Vultee,               is               a               long,               historical               pattern               of               thought               in               which               the               West               labels               itself               as               rational               and               sensible,               while               controlling               and               labeling               those               from               the               East               as               sensual,               violent,               and               a               threat               to               the               West               (2009).

    According               to               Vultee,               through               various               sources,               Fox               News's               Website               acts               as               a               clearinghouse               and               creates               for               its               audience               its               interpretation               of               the               Islamic               world               (2009).
                   Vultee               (2009)               examined               text               material               (39               articles)               from               Fox               News               website               over               a               two               year               period,               2007               and               2008,               which               fit               the               following               theoretical               framework.

    The               emerging               Islam               as               a               threat               to               the               West               were               analyzed               in               two               ways:               (1)               Said's               (1979)               main               theme               of               "Orientalism,"               and               (2)               van               Dijk's               (1988)               ideological               square               in               which               favorable               characteristics               and               unfavorable               characteristics               create               an               "us"               versus               "them"               scenario.

    In               this               construct,               intermittent               acts               by               individual               Muslims               or               Muslim               states               would               appear               as               integrated               patterns,               while               incidents               from               the               Western               world               appear               as               isolated               occurrences               having               no               ties               to               religion,               if               reported               on               at               all               on               Fox               News's               website               (Vultee,               2009).
                   This               study               continued               and               found               that               the               "Orientalizing"               of               the               Islamic               world               at               Fox               News               seemed               to               serve               a               larger               partisan               purpose.

    For               example,               upon               the               fifth               anniversary               of               the               U.S.

    invasion               of               Iraq,               an               article               declared               that               the               U.S.

    army               remained               strong               and               able;               and               the               following               days               headline               article               on               this               website               noted               that               an               "Islam               en-flamed"               was               on               the               verge               of               exploding               if               the               protectors,               the               U.S,               were               not               there               to               restore               order.

    Vultee               (2009)               added               that               many               Fox               articles               that               pit               "us,"               the               West               against               "them,"               Islam               creates               an               ideology               of               "orientalism"               that               constructs               its               audience's               reality.

    Vultee               (2009)               also               suggested               that               Fox's               interpretations               and               ideology               of               Muslims               as               menacing               and               a               threat               can               be               used               by               other               factions,               such               as               governments               to               continue               its               war               policies,               and               "useful               to               the               conduct               of               a               limitless               war               on               terror               (p.

    634).
                   In               an               additional               study               on               framing               of               minorities               by               conservative               media,               Shah               examined               how               conservative               commentators,               such               as               Fox               News's               Bill               O'               Reilly,               and               conservative               leaders               discussed               predominantly               Black               and               poor               New               Orleans               residents               left               behind               during               Hurricane               Katrina               (2009).

    For               one               month               conservative               commentary               was               collected               from               such               sources               as:               the               highest               circulation               daily               newspapers               that               endorsed               Bush               in               2004,               and               leading               conservative               commentators               (Shah,               2009).
                   This               study               found               that               conservative               news               commentators,               such               as               O'Reilly               and               other               conservative               media               labeled               these               residents               as               behaving               irresponsibly,               "for               ignoring               evacuation               orders               and               outraged               by               reports               of               criminal               behavior               of               black               gangs               at               the               Superdome               and               Convention               Center               murdering               at               will"               (Shah,               2009,               p.

    2).

    Shah               added               that               this               also               indicated               that               these               victims               were               unworthy               of               sympathy               or               assistance               (2009).

    Fox               News               commentator               Bill               O'Reilly               said               the               following               about               the               Katrina               victims               in               New               Orleans               (Shah,               2009):               "'connect               the               dots               and               wise               up.

    Educate               yourself,               work               hard               and               be               honest.

    If               you               don't,               the               odds               are               you               will               be               desperately               standing               on               a               symbolic               rooftop               someday               yourself'"               (p.10).
                   This               content               analysis               of               conservative               media               identifies               the               potentially               important               role               that               conservative               media               may               have               on               constructing               cultural               imagery               and               symbols               which               may               lead               to               the               social,               racial               hierarchies               that               position               Blacks               at               the               bottom;               as               victims,               unworthy               of               assistance               (Shah,               2009).
                   Sources
                   Abraham,               L.

    &               Appiah,               O.

    (2006).

    Framing               news               stories:               the               role               of               visual               imagery               in               priming               racial               stereotypes.

    The               Howard               Journal               of               Communications,               183               (17),               183-203.

    Retrieved               September               10,               2010               from               Communication               &               Mass               Media               Complete               database.
                   Day,               J.C.

    (2010).

    U.S               census               bureau:               population               profile               of               the               united               states.

    Retrieved               September               18,               2010               from               http://www.census.gov/population/www/pop-profile/natproj.html
                   Dixon,               T.L.

    (2008).

    Network               news               and               racial               beliefs:               exploring               the               connection               between               national               and               television               news               exposure               and               stereotypical               perceptions               of               African-Americans.

    Journal               of               Communication,               58,               321-337.

    Retrieved               September               10,               2010               from               Communication               &               Mass               Media               Complete               database.
                   Dixon,               T.L.

    &               Linz,               D.

    (2000).

    Overrepresentation               and               under               representation               of               african-americans               and               latinos               as               lawbreakers               on               television               news.

    International               Communication               Association,               131               -               154.

    Retrieved               September               10,               2010               from               Communication               &               Mass               Media               Complete               database.
                   Shah,               H.

    (2009).

    Legitimizing               Neglect:               race               and               rationality               in               conservative               news               commentary               about               hurricane               Katrina.

    The               Howard               Journal               of               Communications,               20,               1-17.

    Retrieved               September               10,               2010               from               Communication               &               Mass               Media               Complete               database.
                   Vulte,               F.

    (2009).

    Jump               back               jack,               mohammed's               here:               fox               news               and               the               construction               of               islamic               peril.

    Journalism               Studies,               10               (5),               623-638.

    Retrieved               September               18,               2010               from               Communication               &               Mass               Media               Complete               database.






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