Tuesday, June 10, 2014

Review of fox 61 news::Does Action News PA do Baby's First Birthday pictures on ...







Review of fox 61 news::Does Action News PA do Baby's First Birthday pictures on ...








This               paper               will               focus               on               the               Federal               Communication               Commission's               (FCC's)               proposed               deregulation               policy               for               media               ownership.

The               policy               would               give               companies               the               ability               to               own               more               television               stations               and               the               ability               to               own               newspapers               and               broadcast               stations               in               the               same               market.

Television               markets               are               based               on               Nielsen               Designated               Market               Area               (DMA)               (Appendix               G).

Since               big               media               companies               own               most               media               outlets,               it               is               predicted               that               coverage               on               this               issue               would               be               conservative,               as               the               media               would               use               its               power               to               sway               public               opinion               and               government               leaders               toward               lessening               the               rules.

On               June               4,               2003,               the               FCC               voted               to               raise               the               limit               on               the               number               of               television               stations               a               company               can               own.

In               the               past,               companies               could               own               enough               television               stations               to               reach               35%               of               Americans               but               under               the               new               rule,               it               would               be               45%.

This               means,               for               example,               that               ABC               could               own               almost               half               of               its               affiliates               throughout               the               country.

More               television               stations               will               resemble               WABC.

WABC               in               New               York               City               is               owned               by               ABC               and               all               content               comes               from               ABC               except               for               the               local               news.

Under               past               rules,               companies               were               restricted               to               owning               only               two               television               stations               in               a               big               city               but               the               new               rule               would               allow               companies               to               own               three               television               stations               in               the               same               city.

The               old               rules               prohibited               the               same               company               to               own               a               newspaper               and               broadcast               station               in               the               same               market               but               the               new               rules               would               take               away               this               prohibition               (Klein               &               Wise,               2003).

Most               Republicans               support               loosening               past               FCC               rules               on               media               companies               while               most               Democrats               support               staying               with               the               original               rules               that               were               created               between               1941               and               1975               (Labaton,               6/5/03).

These               rules               were               enacted               to               promote               diverse               opinions               in               the               media,               encourage               competition,               and               prevent               a               few               big               companies               from               controlling               the               entire               media               industry.

State               regulators               could               recommend               that               the               FCC               prohibit               mergers               in               smaller               markets               in               which               one               company               might               attempt               to               buy               up               and               control               all               of               the               media               in               the               market               (Ho,               6/19/03).
               Before               the               limit               was               raised,               News               Corporation,               owner               of               Fox,               and               Viacom,               Incorporated               which               owns               CBS               and               UPN               recently               acquired               stations               resulting               in               ownership               of               television               stations               reaching               35%               of               Americans,               over               5%               over               the               30%               rule.

If               the               limit               was               not               raised,               the               FCC               could               force               the               companies               to               sell               the               stations               in               excess               of               the               limit               (Ho,               6/19/03).

FCC               Chairman               Michael               Powell               says               that               Viacom               and               News               Corp.

own               fewer               than               3%               of               the               nation's               1,300               commercial               television               stations               (Shiver               &               Anderson,               2003).
               Duopolies               are               protected               under               the               new               rules.

Duopolies               are               two               television               stations               owned               by               the               same               company               in               the               same               market.

Companies               benefit               through               duopolies               because               they               can               combine               back               office               functions,               bundle               advertising,               and               trim               staff.

(Klein               &               Vise,               6/3/03).

The               Tribune               Corporation               owns               a               duopoly               in               the               Hartford/New               Haven,               Connecticut               DMA;               WTIC,               Channel               61,               a               Fox               affiliate,               in               Hartford,               and               WTXX,               Channel               20,               a               WB               affiliate,               in               Waterbury               (Campbell,               6/17/03).
               On               June               19,               2003,               the               Senate               Commerce               Committee               voted               to               restore               the               ownership               restrictions               lowering               the               percentage               back               down               to               35%,               bringing               back               the               cross-ownership               ban               rule,               and               allowing               companies               the               ability               to               only               own               two               television               stations               in               major               markets               (Ho,               6/19/03).

The               House               of               Representatives               on               July               23,               2003               passed               a               spending               bill               by               a               vote               of               400-21               to               block               the               new               FCC               rule.

The               $40               billion               House               bill               provides               money               for               agencies               such               as               the               Commerce,               State,               and               Justice               departments               (Shiver               &               Anderson,               2003).

The               Senate               repealed               all               of               the               new               regulations               on               September               17,               2003,               with               a               55-40               vote,               a               Republican-controlled               Senate               going               against               its               own               Republican               president.

The               House               has               not               agreed               to               the               rules               that               the               Senate               decided               on               and               so               leaders               from               both               houses               will               have               to               make               compromises.

The               sponsors               of               the               Senate               resolution               know               that               their               bill               may               not               become               law.

President               Bush's               administration               believes               that               there               is               not               enough               support               in               both               houses               to               overturn               a               presidential               veto               which               will               happen               since               Bush               is               opposed               to               the               repeal               of               the               new               rules               (Labaton,               9/17/03).

The               House               responded               to               the               public               outcry               and               realized               that               the               new               rules               could               essentially               wipe               out               independent               television               stations               and               newspapers               similar               to               how               the               Telecommunications               Act               of               1996               wiped               out               independent               radio               stations               (Cox,               2003).
               Another               issue               is               whether               television               stations               currently               provide               enough               local               and               diverse               programming.

Many               argue               that               they               don't               currently               and               that               having               more               media               outlets               being               owned               by               the               same               company               would               only               make               the               problem               worse               (Shiver,               7/28/03).
               Powell               argues               that               he               favors               free-market               solutions               and               fears               that               creating               more               media               regulation               in               Washington               would               hurt               the               economy.

He               argues               that               the               FCC               is               not               insulated               enough               from               political               influence               and               that               it               should               be               part               of               the               administration               so               it               could               implement               the               president's               agenda               (Mulkern,               2003).

"By               instituting               our               local               television               multiple               ownership               rule               (especially               by               banning               mergers               among               the               top-four               stations,               which               the               record               demonstrated               typically               produce               an               independent               local               newscast)               and               our               local               radio               ownership               limit,               the               Commission               will               foster               multiple               independently               owned               media               outlets               in               both               broadcast               television               and               radio               -               advancing               the               goal               of               promoting               the               widest               dissemination               of               viewpoints               (Powell,               7,               2003)
               The               dissenting               opinion               written               by               Michael               J.

Copps,               Commissioner               at               the               FCC               states,               "The               Communications               Act               tells               us               to               use               our               rules               to               promote               localism,               diversity,               and               competition.

It               reminds               us               that               the               airwaves               belong               to               the               American               people,               and               that               no               broadcast               station,               no               company,               no               single               individual               owns               an               airwave               in               America"               (Copps,               3,               2003).

He               goes               on               to               argue               that               90%               of               the               top               cable               channels               are               owned               by               the               same               companies               who               own               the               TV               networks               and               the               cable               systems.

When               more               channels               are               created               but               the               same               people               own               them,               goals               of               localism,               editorial               diversity,               and               competition               are               not               met               (Copps,               2003).
               On               August               20,               2003,               in               an               attempt               to               address               localism               issues,               Chairman               Powell               proposed               a               promoting               localism               in               broadcasting               task               force               that               would               make               recommendations               in               one               year.

He               advocates               speeding               up               the               licensing               for               low-powered               radio               stations               that               are               often               run               by               churches,               community               groups,               and               schools               (Ho,               8/20/03).

Research               Director               Mark               Cooper               says               that,               "talking               about               new               rules               to               protect               media               localism,               particularly               when               those               rules               creep               into               the               area               of               content               regulation,               is               merely               an               effort               to               divert               attention               from               badly               reasoned               and               badly               written               ownership               rules               that               won't               stand               up               in               court"               (Ho,               1,               8/20/03).
               On               September               4,               2003,               the               New               York               Times               reported               that               a               federal               appeals               court               issued               a               surprise               order               that               prevented               the               FCC               from               enacting               new               rules               until               at               least               the               outcome               of               pending               litigation               that               might               not               happen               for               months.

"This               action               gives               us               the               opportunity               to               convince               Congress               and,               if               necessary,               the               courts,               that               the               F.C.C.'s               decision               is               bad               for               democracy,               and               bad               for               broadcast               localism,"               said               lawyer               Andrew               Jay               Schwartzman               (Labaton,               A1,               9/4/03).

"I               think               this               is               great               news,               it               stops               the               process               dead               in               its               tracks               for               now.

I               think               the               court               must               have               understood               what               we               know               now:               the               F.C.C.

embarked               on               these               dramatic               rule               changes               without               the               benefit               of               national               hearings               and               thoughtful               analysis,"               said               Senator               Bryon               Dorgan,               North               Dakota               Democrat               who               is               helping               to               repeal               the               rules               in               Congress               (Labaton,               A1,               9/4/03).
               Thirty               articles               from               twelve               major               daily               newspapers               and               two               major               news               wire               services               between               June               1,               2003               and               September               31,               2003               were               chosen               for               this               project.

These               sources               include               The               Washington               Post,               Wall               Street               Journal,               Buffalo               News,               Hartford               Courant,               Chicago               Daily               Herald,               USA               Today,               Gannett               News               Service,               Associated               Press,               Boston               Globe,               Boston               Herald,               Atlanta               Journal               and               Constitution,               New               York               Times,               Denver               Post,               and               the               Los               Angeles               Times.

The               date               range               was               chosen               because               this               topic               appeared               most               in               the               media               during               this               time.
               Arguments               serving               the               conservative               bias               and               arguments               serving               the               liberal               bias               were               studied.

A               conservative               bias               would               promote               less               government               restrictions               because               conservatives               believe               in               less               government               control               and               put               more               emphasis               on               the               market               to               regulate               its               own               self.

Conservatives               want               to               create               new               rules               that               would               loosen               the               restrictions               of               the               current               rules.

Left-wing               conservatives               want               to               remove               the               percentage               cap               rule               altogether.

Creating               new               rules               is               part               of               the               liberal               ideology               but               in               this               case,               since               it               loosens               government               control,               it               is               a               conservative               ideology               viewpoint.

A               liberal               bias               would               promote               government               restrictions               because               liberals               believe               in               more               government               control               and               less               control               to               big               corporations.

Liberals               want               to               keep               the               current               rules               while               some               right-winged               liberals               want               to               make               the               law               even               stricter               by               making               a               smaller               percentage               cap.
               Using               thirty               articles,               the               number               of               liberal               arguments               attributed               to               a               source,               liberal               arguments               not               attributed               to               a               source,               democratic               and               left               wing               sources               quoted,               conservative               arguments               attributed               to               a               source,               conservative               arguments               not               attributed               to               a               source,               and               republican               and               other               right               wing               sources               quoted               have               all               been               recorded.

Factual               statements               without               bias               were               not               coded               while               statements               with               qualitative               words               such               as               "many"               or               "some"               were               put               into               the               "not               attributed               to               a               source"               category.

Words               describing               a               group               such               as               "opponents"               and               "proponents"               were               coded               as               being               in               the               "attributed               to               a               source"               category.

Conservative               statements               will               be               coded               as               conservative               regardless               of               the               political               affiliation               of               the               speaker               and               liberal               statements               will               be               coded               as               liberal               regardless               of               the               political               affiliation               of               the               speaker.

Sometimes               more               than               one               sentence               was               coded               as               being               part               of               one               argument               if               the               speaker               or               author               without               going               into               new               evidence               reiterates               the               point.

All               quoted               statements               will               go               in               the               sources               quoted               category.
               It               is               predicted               that               the               media               will               provide               bias               coverage               to               issues               impacting               them               financially               and               media               companies               would               benefit               greatly               financially               if               they               had               the               opportunity               to               legally               acquire               more               television               stations               especially               in               the               top               20               markets.

Television               advertising               rates               in               the               top               20               markets               is               more               expensive               than               advertising               rates               in               other               markets.
               It's               important               to               take               note               however               that               keeping               the               status               quo,               is               a               conservative               argument               and               even               though               the               liberals               are               in               favor               of               keeping               existing               rules,               they               are               exhibiting               characteristics               of               the               conservative               ideology.
               According               to               Pew               Research               Center               for               The               People               &               The               Press               poll               done               in               late               June               2003,               "70%               of               those               who               heard               a               lot               about               the               FCC               vote               felt               it               would               have               a               negative               impact"               and               only               6%               approved               of               the               vote               (Lieberman,               4B,               2003).
               Table               1               shows               each               newspaper               source               used               in               the               study,               the               number               of               arguments               that               were               conservative               and               liberal,               and               the               percentage               of               liberal               arguments               to               conservative               arguments.

Articles               with               a               "strong               liberal               bias"               are               defined               as               articles               that               had               80%               or               more               arguments               that               are               liberal.

Articles               with               a               "moderate               liberal               bias"               are               defined               as               articles               that               had               between               60%               and               79%               liberal               arguments.

Articles               with               a               "slight               liberal               bias"               are               defined               as               articles               that               had               between               59%               and               51%               liberal               arguments.

Articles               that               had               the               same               number               of               liberal               arguments               as               conservative               arguments,               a               50%               split,               were               placed               in               the               "balanced               category".

Articles               with               a               "strong               conservative               bias"               are               defined               as               articles               that               had               80%               or               more               arguments               that               are               liberal.

Articles               with               a               "moderate               conservative               bias"               are               defined               as               articles               that               had               between               60%               and               79%               conservative               arguments,               articles               with               a               "slight               conservative               bias"               are               defined               as               articles               that               has               between               59%               and               51%               conservative               arguments.
               Table               2               shows               how               many               sources               fit               into               each               category               but               first               we               will               examine               how               these               numbers               came               to               be               by               looking               at               Table               1's               source               ideology               totals.

The               Chicago               Daily               Harold's               coverage               of               media               ownership               rules               was               the               most               liberal               of               the               news               sources               used               in               this               study.

The               split               between               liberal               arguments               and               conservative               arguments               was               94%               to               6%.

It               is               the               only               article               that               qualified               to               enter               the               "strong               liberal               bias"               category               using               the               rules               as               specified               earlier.
               Six               newspapers               were               eligible               in               being               in               the               "moderate               liberal               bias"               category               based               on               their               coverage               of               the               media               ownership               issue.

These               newspapers               include               the               Hartford               Courant,               Gannett               News               Service,               USA               Today,               Boston               Globe,               Los               Angeles               Times,               and               the               New               York               Times.

The               Hartford               Courant,               Gannett               News               Service,               and               USA               Today               were               the               three               newspapers               with               more               liberal               arguments               while               Boston               Globe,               Los               Angeles               Times,               and               the               New               York               Times               had               less               liberal               arguments.

The               New               York               Times's               60%               to               40%               split               shows               that               even               though               coverage               of               this               issue               featured               more               liberal               arguments               than               conservative               arguments,               the               paper               exhibited               more               of               a               balanced               ideology.
               Only               one               newspaper,               The               Washington               Post,               was               eligible               to               be               in               the               "slight               liberal               bias"               category.

This               is               contrary               to               what               Eric               Alterman               says               about               The               Washington               Post.

"Given               the               success               of               Fox               News,               the               Wall               Street               Journal,               The               Washington               Times,               New               York               Post,               American               Spectator,               Weekly               Standard,               New               York               Sun,               National               Review,               Commentary,               and               so               on,               no               sensible               person               can               dispute               the               existence               of               a               'conservative               media.'               The               reader               might               be               surprised               to               learn               that               neither               do               I               quarrel               with               the               notion               of               a               'liberal               media.'               It               is               tiny               and               profoundly               underfunded               compared               to               its               conservative               counterpart,               but               it               does               exist'"               (Alterman,               9,               2003).
               The               Boston               Herald               was               the               only               newspaper               eligible               to               be               in               the               "balanced"               category.

Their               coverage               in               this               issue               was               more               balanced               than               The               New               York               Times.

A               possible               reason               is               that               New               York               City               is               more               of               a               liberal               city               than               Boston.
               Four               newspapers               were               eligible               to               be               in               the               "strong               conservative               bias"               category.

They               included               The               Wall               Street               Journal,               Buffalo               News,               Denver               Post,               and               the               Atlanta               Journal               and               Constitution.

All               of               the               newspapers               except               the               later               failed               to               have               any               liberal               arguments               while               the               Atlanta               Journal               and               Constitution's               conservative               to               liberal               arguments               were               split               64%               to               36%.
               No               newspapers               were               eligible               to               be               in               the               "moderate               conservative               bias"               category.

Only               one               news               source,               the               Associated               Press,               was               eligible               to               be               in               the               "slight               conservative               bias"               category.

The               conservative               to               liberal               bias               for               that               source               was               53%               to               47%.
               The               most               significant               findings               are               that               the               New               York               Times               had               13               more               liberal               arguments               than               conservative               arguments               (60%               vs.

40%).

The               Atlanta               Journal               and               Constitution               (36%               vs.

64%)               almost               had               twice               the               number               of               conservative               arguments               than               liberal               arguments.

The               Chicago               Daily               Herald               had               16               liberal               arguments               and               only               1               conservative               argument               (94%               vs.

6%).

The               Hartford               Courant               had               seven               more               liberal               arguments               than               conservative               arguments               (73%               vs.

27%).

The               Los               Angeles               Times               had               twenty               more               liberal               arguments               than               conservative               arguments               (62%               vs.

38%).

The               Wall               Street               Journal               had               four               conservative               arguments               and               no               liberal               arguments               (0%               vs.

100%).

The               USA               Today               had               twice               the               number               of               liberal               arguments               than               conservative               arguments               (66%               vs.

34%).
               Table               2               shows               that               180               (60%)               of               the               arguments               found               in               the               articles               were               liberal               and               122               (40%)               were               conservative.

This               shows               that               the               media               did               not               have               a               conservative               bias               on               the               issue;               this               could               be               due               to               the               fact               of               the               public               outcry               and               to               the               fact               that               the               FCC               rules               would               not               have               affected               newspapers               as               much               as               television               and               radio.

Television               and               radio               covered               the               issue               substantially               less               than               newspapers.
               Table               4               shows               that               there               were               164               arguments               attributed               to               a               source               (78%)               while               there               were               45               arguments               not               attributed               to               a               source               (22%).

These               results               mean               that               78%               of               the               time,               the               articles               used               in               the               research               attributed               their               information               and               did               not               try               to               insert               opinion               of               either               side               matter-of-factly.
               The               results               of               table               5               and               6               relate               to               table               4               in               distinguishing               which               ideology               had               more               attributions.

These               two               tables               show               that               both               conservative               arguments               and               liberal               arguments               had               equal               amounts               of               attribution               and               no               attribution.

This               finding               highlights               the               fact               that               the               media               did               a               good               job               at               trying               to               give               an               objective               stance               on               an               issue               that               involved               them.

78%               of               arguments               had               attribution               vs.

22%               that               had               no               attribution.

There               were               120               liberal               arguments               being               studied               versus               only               82               conservative               arguments               being               studied.
               Table               7               shows               that               60%               of               the               quotes               came               from               liberal/left               wing               sources               while               40%               of               the               quotes               came               from               conservative/right               wing               sources.

These               results               show               that               while               it               was               probably               easier               to               obtain               quotes               from               conservative               sources               since               they               put               out               large               amounts               of               information               on               the               FCC               website,               the               media               chose               to               get               more               quotes               from               liberal/left               wing               sources.
               The               research               results               are               accurate               and               if               other               articles               from               the               same               sources               were               chosen               and               analyzed,               similar               results               would               be               found.

It               is               unclear               whether               the               media               purposefully               chose               to               go               with               a               liberal               slant               due               to               public               outrage               and               was               performing               its               role               as               watchdog,               trying               to               disprove               the               constant               lie               of               a               conservative               bias,               or               because               they               knew               putting               a               conservative               slant               to               the               issue               may               alienate               many               liberal               users               of               media.
               The               arguments               used               in               the               FCC               rules               are               arguments               based               on               the               very               core               of               democracy               and               principles               that               we               as               Americans               believe.

Commissioner               Jonathan               S.

Adelstein               in               his               dissenting               opinion               explains               that               letting               a               handful               of               powerful               companies               control               our               media               would               violate               every               aspect               of               our               democratic               society.

He               argues               that               without               diverse,               independent               media,               citizens               will               no               longer               be               able               to               participate               politically               or               socially               with               their               government               as               access               to               information               would               be               harder               to               obtain               (Adelstein,               2003).
               Commissioner               Kathleen               Q.

Abernathy               explains               that               federal               court               opinions               tell               the               FCC               that               restrictions               on               ownership               must               be               based               on               evidence               and               not               speculation.

Their               public               interest               goals               include               ensuring               broadcasters'               free               speech               rights.

She               also               argues               that               every               two               years,               the               FCC               must               review               their               rules               and               justify               how               the               rules               are               important               in               the               modern               media               world               (Abernathy,               2003).
               Alterman               explains               that               journalists               are               usually               more               sympathetic               to               big               corporations,               but               with               this               issue,               it               is               not               the               case               (Alterman,               2003).
               This               report               clearly               shows               a               liberal               bias               in               the               media               but               also               shows               in               some               ways               the               media               was               careful               to               give               both               sides               of               an               issue               but               often               in               a               truncated               way.

The               conservatives               try               hard               to               defend               their               reasoning               why               current               rules               should               be               loosened               but               even               when               one               researches               through               Federal               Communication               Commission               documents;               it               is               hard               to               understand               their               argument.

They               fail               to               explain               how               people,               who               do               not               have               a               vested               interest,               will               benefit               if               media               conglomerates               have               more               power               to               buy               up               media               outlets               and               how               independent               media               outlets               will               be               protected.

Today's               culture               supports               the               belief               that               big               corporations               are               not               good.

The               baby               boomers               belief               was               that               big               government               was               not               good.

It               seems               as               though               our               society's               beliefs               on               the               issue               swing               back               and               forth               like               a               pendulum               until               we               realize               that               both               are               slowly               eating               away               at               democracy               proving               that               it               is               hard               for               a               capitalistic               democratic               society               to               keep               both               capitalism               and               democracy               in               check               without               one               triumphing               over               the               other.









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